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Lithium batteries were first used in pacemakers. The low self discharge rate and gentle discharge voltage of lithium batteries enable pacemakers implanted in the human body to operate for a long time without the need for recharging. Lithium batteries generally have a nominal voltage higher than 3.0 volts and are more suitable as integrated circuit power supplies. Manganese dioxide batteries are widely used in calculators, digital cameras, and watches. In order to develop varieties with better performance, people have conducted research on various materials to manufacture unprecedented products. In 1992, Sony successfully developed lithium-ion batteries. Its practicality greatly reduces the weight and volume of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, calculators, etc. Development process Broadcast edit In 1970, the representative of ExxonMobil, M S. Whittingham used titanium sulfide as the positive electrode material and lithium metal as the negative electrode material to create the first lithium battery. In 1980, J. Goodenough discovered that lithium cobalt oxide could be used as a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. In 1982, R. from the Illinois Institute of Technology R. Agarwal and J R. Selman discovered that lithium ions have the property of embedding into graphite, which is a rapid and reversible process. At the same time, the safety hazards of lithium batteries made of metallic lithium have attracted much attention, so people are trying to use the characteristic of lithium ions embedded in graphite to make rechargeable batteries. The first available lithium-ion graphite electrode was successfully developed by Bell Laboratories. In 1983, M. Thackeray, J. Goodenough, and others discovered that manganese spinel is an excellent positive electrode material with low cost, stability, and excellent conductivity and lithium conductivity. Its decomposition temperature is high and its oxidizing property is much lower than that of lithium cobalt oxide. Even in the event of short circuit or overcharging, it can avoid the danger of combustion and explosion. In 1989, A. Manthiram and J Goodenough found that using a positive electrode with polymeric anions will generate higher voltage. In 1991, Sony Corporation released its first commercial lithium-ion battery. Subsequently, lithium-ion batteries revolutionized the face of consumer electronics products. In 1996, Padhi and Goodenough discovered that phosphate salts with olivine structure, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), were superior to traditional cathode materials and have therefore become the mainstream cathode material. With the widespread use of digital products such as mobile phones, laptops, etc., lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in these products with excellent performance and are gradually developing into other product application fields. In 1998, Tianjin Power Research Institute began commercial production of lithium-ion batteries. On July 15, 2018, it was learned from Keda Coal Chemistry Research Institute that a special carbon negative electrode material for high-capacity and high-density lithium batteries, mainly composed of pure carbon, has been developed at the institute. This lithium battery made of a new material can achieve a driving range of over 600 kilometers for automobiles. [1] In October 2018, the research group of Professor Liang Jiajie and Professor Chen Yongsheng from Nankai University, in collaboration with the research group of Professor Lai Chao from Jiangsu Normal University, successfully prepared a three-dimensional porous carrier of silver nanowires graphene with a multi-level structure, and loaded metal lithium as a composite negative electrode material. This carrier can suppress the generation of lithium dendrites, thereby achieving ultra high speed charging of batteries, which is expected to significantly extend the “life” of lithium batteries. The research results were published in the latest issue of Advanced Materials [2]. In the first half of 2022, the main indicators of China’s lithium-ion battery industry achieved rapid growth, with production exceeding 280 gigawatt hours, a year-on-year increase of 150% [4] On the morning of September 22, 2022, the first domestically developed 3.0-meter diameter new energy lithium battery copper foil core equipment cathode roller new product independently developed and delivered to users by the Fourth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation was launched in Xi’an, filling the technical gap in the domestic industry and achieving a monthly production capacity of over 100 large diameter cathode rollers, marking a major breakthrough in China’s ultra large diameter cathode roller manufacturing technology. [5] In December 2024, according to the lithium battery industry standard announcement enterprise information and industry association calculations, the total production of lithium batteries in China from January to October was 890 gigawatt hours, a year-on-year increase of 16%. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, the profit of China’s lithium battery manufacturing industry increased by 39.4% year-on-year from January to October. [9] In 2024, the National Standards Committee approved the release of 161 mandatory national standards for gas safety, electric bicycle lithium batteries, and other safety measures, doubling the number from 2023. In addition, more than 5500 local standards have been abolished and revised by the organization. [10] On January 13, 2025, at the press conference of the State Council Information Office, the relevant person in charge of the General Administration of Customs introduced that China’s lithium battery exports will reach 3.91 billion units in 2024, setting a new historical high. [11] In February 2025, the Peng Huisheng/Gao Yue team from the Department of Polymer Science at Fudan University provided a new path and innovatively designed lithium carrier molecules. These molecules can be injected into discarded or decaying lithium batteries like drugs, precisely replenishing lost lithium ions and achieving capacity recovery, thereby significantly extending the battery’s lifespan. On February 13th Beijing time, the relevant results were published in the international academic journal Nature.